What is DORA and when did it take effect?
DORA, the Digital Operational Resilience Act, is an EU regulation that came into force on 17 January 2025. It requires financial entities to have their digital operational resilience in order. DORA rests on five pillars: ICT risk management, ICT incident management and reporting, digital operational resilience testing, ICT third-party risk, and information sharing. In the Netherlands, DNB and AFM supervise most entities; for critical third parties, such as large cloud providers, a separate supervisory route applies at European level.
Who does DORA apply to?
DORA applies to almost every financial entity in the EU: banks, insurers, investment firms, pension funds, payment institutions, credit rating agencies, asset managers, managers of alternative investment funds, credit reference agencies and crypto-asset service providers (CASPs under MiCA). Critical ICT third-party service providers also fall under it via a separate route. Smaller entities benefit from proportionality exemptions for parts of the regulation; we map these out in the gap analysis.
Do you replace OneTrust, ServiceNow GRC or ProcessUnity?
No. For enterprise GRC, ProcessUnity, OneTrust, ServiceNow GRC, MetricStream, Diligent, LogicGate and Archer are strong products, and we don't compete with them or recommend switching to us. What we build is the custom layer that your existing GRC platform doesn't solve for your situation: the sector-specific DORA workflows, deep integration with your core banking or policy system, your own risk classification, and connections to your procurement, contract and security systems. Sometimes custom software is the only option, because no GRC suite is in place and licence costs don't fit your scale.
How does the four-hour notification flow work in the system?
When your security operations classify an incident as a major ICT-related incident, a notification draft is created in case management with all relevant fields pre-filled: nature, impact on clients, geographic spread, duration, data loss, affected critical functions and impacted ICT assets. The system checks the DORA classification criteria and automatically monitors the deadlines for the initial notification (to the competent authority within the required window), the intermediate notification and the final report. Your CISO or a delegated officer reviews the draft, completes the open fields and submits it. The full audit trail, including versions, reviewers, approval and any follow-up questions from DNB or AFM, is recorded in line with DORA retention requirements.
How does DORA relate to the GDPR and the NIS2 Directive?
DORA, GDPR and NIS2 overlap in parts but differ in scope, legal basis and sanction regime. GDPR concerns personal data and is broader than financial services. NIS2 applies to essential and important entities across a wider range of sectors. DORA is sector-specific for financial entities and goes deeper into ICT resilience and third-party risk. A well-organised DORA environment often also produces NIS2-relevant data and can feed GDPR-related audit trails. We build the system so that the overlap is put to active use, rather than maintaining three separate registers. On the GDPR side, we carry out a DPIA as standard for every major project.
How does the ICT third-party register work for our cloud providers?
The register records, for each outsourced ICT service, the provider, the contract, the sub-outsourcers, the data flow, the processing location, the exit strategy and the criticality rating. For critical or important functions, DORA requires additional contractual provisions, including on location, audit rights, sub-outsourcing, exit and information provision. We track these in the register explicitly so you can see where contracts still need updating. Ongoing SLA monitoring links measured availability to the agreed level and flags when a vendor consistently underperforms. For critical third parties such as AWS, Microsoft Azure or Google Cloud, we also document the exit route and the fallback option.
What will resilience testing look like in software form?
DORA requires regular digital operational resilience testing and, for entities meeting certain criteria, threat-led penetration testing (TLPT) at least every three years on critical functions. The software supports the planning, scoping and reporting of these tests: which critical function is tested when, which scope has been agreed with the competent authority, which red team firm carries out the work, which findings remain open and what the remediation status is. We do not perform the penetration tests ourselves; we work with specialist red-team firms. What we do is make the cycle demonstrable and manageable.
What if we are a critical ICT third-party service provider?
If your organisation is designated as a critical third-party provider by the European supervisory authorities, parts of your activity fall directly under European oversight, with separate reporting requirements and the possibility of a Joint Examination Team. This mainly affects large cloud providers and specialist ICT service providers that create deep dependencies for financial entities. For this role, we build a mirror environment: a register aligned with the specific information requests the ESAs may submit, plus an automated reporting flow to Frankfurt or Paris rather than DNB.
What determines the cost of a DORA project?
Four things drive it: the breadth of scope (one pillar versus all five), the number of integrations with external and internal systems (core banking, policy administration, your GRC suite, SIEM, procurement), the intensity of your supervisory regime and the complexity of your ICT landscape, and whether you hand monitoring and ongoing development to us or take them on internally. We outline the range in the first conversation and always provide a fixed sprint price so there are no surprises. For context on how we build our pricing, see our page on
building insurance software and the wider knowledge base.
Do you also build for pension funds, payment institutions and crypto-asset providers?
Yes. For pension funds, the focus is often on the third-party register and the incident flow around the pension administrator. For payment institutions, it is on incident reporting linked to PSD2 incident notifications and the ICT risk classification of the payment chain. For crypto-asset service providers, which fall under both MiCA and DORA, we often build a combined environment in which DORA pillars sit alongside MiCA requirements such as safekeeping controls and market abuse detection. For related AI governance questions at the same institution, see our page on
AI Act compliance software.
How does the transition work from our current Excel trackers and SharePoint?
In phases. We let your existing registers, shared drives and SharePoint folders run in parallel with the new system for a while, so the team can get used to it and we can spot any shortcomings early. We carry out data migration using scripts written for your situation: ICT assets, critical functions, suppliers, historical incidents and risk acceptances are transferred with checks, with a rollback option should anything go wrong. Only once the team is comfortable and the first internal audit has gone smoothly are the old registers archived.